tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-226990182024-03-13T22:35:28.146+00:00CNG , LPG and Alternative Fuel Conversion Engine and Calibration.CNG,LPG and Alternative fuel Convertion and engine calibration. EFI engine, carburator engine and diesel engine.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger60125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22699018.post-35608748085414773332016-03-21T04:08:00.001+00:002016-03-21T04:08:26.561+00:00The Motivation of CNG Vehicles <h1 align="left">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc280448582"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc280370319"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc280344667"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc279744447"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc265577470"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc250040895"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2.2 The Motivation of CNG Vehicles Development</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The motivation of CNG vehicles development
is driven by the following factors: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-indent: -38.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span>i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Emission reduction requirements<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-indent: -38.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span>ii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">The potential/abundant of
natural gas vehicles in Malaysia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-indent: -38.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span>iii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">CNG vehicles: Advantages and
disadvantages<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc280448583"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc280370320"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc280344668"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc279744448"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc265577471"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc250040896"><span lang="EN-US">2.2.1 Emission reduction requirements</span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The measurement of preventing atmospheric
pollution to be implemented before 2010 include the New Emission Standard
(2005) in Japan, SULEV (super ultra-low emission vehicle) in North America, and
the Euro-5 strengthened exhaust gas recirculation in Europe is illustrated in
Table 2.1 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Table">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc280538287"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc280448548"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc280370362"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc280343514"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc280046505"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc279744327"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc250040991"><span lang="EN-US">Table 2.1: Commitment Towards Emission Reduction</span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 9.0pt;">FCEV-
fuel cell electric vehicle </span></i></b><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-insideh: 1.0pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: 1.0pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: center; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: -2.3pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #606060; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.45pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.0%;" valign="top" width="12%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-size: 9.0pt;">Year <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #606060; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 10.7%;" valign="top" width="10%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-size: 9.0pt;">2002<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #606060; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.6%;" valign="top" width="6%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-size: 9.0pt;">03<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #606060; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.84%;" valign="top" width="11%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-size: 9.0pt;">04<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #606060; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.88%;" valign="top" width="14%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-size: 9.0pt;">05<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #606060; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.44%;" valign="top" width="5%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-size: 9.0pt;">06<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #606060; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.46%;" valign="top" width="5%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-size: 9.0pt;">07<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #606060; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 10.24%;" valign="top" width="10%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-size: 9.0pt;">08<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #606060; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.68%;" valign="top" width="5%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-size: 9.0pt;">…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #606060; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.48%;" valign="top" width="9%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-size: 9.0pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #606060; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.45pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.68%;" valign="top" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-size: 9.0pt;">11---<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.85pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.0%;" width="12%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Assertion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.85pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 10.7%;" width="10%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt;">EURO 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.85pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.6%;" valign="top" width="6%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.85pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 11.84%;" width="11%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt;">SULEV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.85pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 14.88%;" width="14%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt;">New Emission Standard<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.85pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.44%;" width="5%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.85pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.46%;" width="5%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E5E5E5; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.85pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-pattern: gray-10 auto; mso-shading: windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 10.24%;" width="10%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt;">CO<sub>2</sub> (140 g/kW) Euro -5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.85pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.68%;" width="5%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background: #CCCCCC; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.85pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-pattern: gray-20 auto; mso-shading: windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.16%;" width="17%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt;">CO<sub>2</sub> (120g/km) Euro-5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.0%;" width="12%">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt;">know-how<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="10" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.0%;" width="88%">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt;">
HYBRID
FCEV<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="10" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 88.0%;" width="88%">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt;">DI
(diesel, gasoline) DI (CNG)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">In Europe, there are significant regulation
and planned as measure the CO<sub>2</sub> emissions reduction. The countries
that are producing oil are declining in number over the next 20 years (Hitachi,
2007). Under such circumstances, the number of HEV (hybrid electric vehicle)
user, which combines the internal combustion engine and electric motor drive is
expected to expand. The FCEV (fuel-cell electric vehicle) which produces energy
from hydrogen will become truly practical in near future. However, gasoline,
light oil and heavy oil are expected to continue to be main fuels for internal
combustion engine. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc279744442"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc280344666"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> Codes and Standards of CNG Vehicles</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The CNG vehicle development
is restricted to several codes and standards which emphasis on safety,
infrastructure, filling mechanism and maintenance. One prominent codes and
standards for CNG vehicle is SAE J1616. It is recommended practice for
compressed natural gas vehicle. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">There are two areas of the
standards coverage; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">i)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">the storage </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">ii)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">fuel system.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">These issues have been
addressed by the SAE TC-7 Natural Gas vehicle Task Force and Technology
Committee on the Natural gas Vehicle Coalition. In Malaysia, the guidelines are
introduced by </span><a href="http://www.dsm.gov.my/" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Department of Standards Malaysia</span></a><span lang="EN-US">. The department has
introduced </span><span lang="EN-US">MS 1096:
1997</span><span lang="EN-US"> Code of
practice for the use of CNG fuel in internal combustion engines (Sirim
Malaysia, 2010). The standards coverage is;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ol>
<li>Design, construction</li>
<li>Installations</li>
<li>Operations</li>
<li>Maintenance and fuelling. </li>
</ol>
<br />
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<div id="article-content">
It takes a special kind of person to believe or promote a
conspiracy theory. Often, these theorists lack hard evidence, jump to
conclusions, or are simply delusional. While it's a fool's errand to
investigate how the Illuminati were behind the assassination of JFK,
there are some conspiracies that are only theory in name-especially in
the automotive industry. Throughout its history, big auto has used
various corporate tactics and product suppressions to stay on top of the
competition.<br />
<br />
<b>The General Motors Streetcar Conspiracy</b><br />
When
automobiles were just coming into fashion and today's industry leaders
were gaining momentum, most cities relied on electric streetcar systems
for public transportation. These trams had dominated metropolitan
transport since the late nineteenth century, and their abundance in
heavily populated centers posed a problem for the fledgling automotive
industry. Simply put, if everyone had the ability to take a trolley to
work or the supermarket, there would be no demand for individual cars or
buses.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQT7j9n_Dd65UMf4xAskMxlvi5kRRZRICsxcYX5EjuJ4UdkuDs0" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQT7j9n_Dd65UMf4xAskMxlvi5kRRZRICsxcYX5EjuJ4UdkuDs0" /></a></div>
Most trolleys were owned and operated by National City
Lines and its subsidiaries, Pacific City Lines and American City Lines.
These companies were all heavily invested in by GM, Standard Oil,
Philips Petroleum, and other businesses with a heavy stake in the
success of the automotive industry. By 1946, the conglomerate had
acquired, owned, and controlled 46 transit systems in 45 cities and 16
states. Slowly, the trolley systems began to be phased out in favor of
buses.<br />
It did not take long for the federal government to connect
the disappearance to the NCL's generous investors. Nine auto companies
and seven individuals were charged and convicted with creating a
transportation monopoly, but the damage was done. When it came to
transportation, vehicles reigned supreme.<br />
<br />
<b>Big Auto Killed the Electric Car</b><br />
While
auto companies easily banded together to conquer common enemies, they
also conspired against each other to gain a market advantage. For
example, vehicle manufacturers are closely connected to the health and
wealth of the oil industry. It is thus beneficial for both to
manufacture motors powered by gasoline instead of alternative sources
such as electricity or biomass. In particular, big auto is more or less
staunchly opposed to cars powered by electric motors.<br />
Energy
conserving vehicles could be the key to reducing green house emissions,
but they still are a novel sight worldwide. In the 2006 film "Who Killed
the Electric Car?" filmmakers question whether the electric car's
failure to fully take root on roadways is due to an industry-wide
conspiracy. The documentary describes a history of sabotage at the hands
of the automotive industry, and even cites the GM Streetcar Conspiracy
as the forebear of this modern dilemma. While many auto companies
release a battery-powered vehicle or hybrid every few years to appease
critics, they are often taken off the production line after the novelty
wears off. While it is currently unproven whether a large, organized
conspiracy against electric autos is taking place, it is clear that
companies aren't eager to push for the new technology either.<br />
</div>
<div id="article-resource">
To learn more about options for motors, visit <a href="http://www.industrialmotors.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.industrialmotors.com/</a>.<br />
</div>
Article Source:
<a href="http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Andrew_Stratton">http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Andrew_Stratton</a>
<br />
</div>
<div style="overflow: hidden;">
<br />
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/9008756</div>
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<div id="article-content">
It's finally happened: being "green" has actually become the
trendy and cool thing to do! While this is great news for the
environment, it also means we all need to get clear on how to actually
do it. As it turns out, there is no small amount of confusion when it
comes to things like what kind of vehicle is the most environmentally
friendly option. Maybe you've even asked yourself this question: is it
better to stop in to see your local used car dealers or to buy some
fancy new "green" machine?<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRv79WKNoTHQuq5fyVCwoy9CMPcRdyj0N48Xl-zsRVpbJoJ9pVjKA" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRv79WKNoTHQuq5fyVCwoy9CMPcRdyj0N48Xl-zsRVpbJoJ9pVjKA" /></a></div>
<br />
Manufacturing Versus Recycling<br />
Most
people nowadays have become accustomed to recycling things like glass,
paper, and plastic. It makes sense, after all, to re-use such things
rather than send them to landfill while still creating yet more of the
same waste products all over again. Well, the same is true for vehicles.
Think of everything that goes into fabricating a new auto and of all
the materials required - the metal, plastic, electrical circuitry, and
more - and the difficulty of disposing of all of that in a responsible
fashion. Clearly, it makes sense to try to maintain a roadworthy vehicle
for as long as possible. Studies have actually shown that between 12
and 28 percent of all carbon dioxide emissions generated over the entire
"life" of a typical vehicle are emitted during manufacturing, before it
even takes to the streets! But when it comes to manufacturing hybrids,
that process has an even higher environmental impact - about twice as
much as manufacturing a regular vehicle. Buying a used car is the clear
winner of this round.<br />
Electricity Versus Gasoline<br />
This one
seems obvious at first glance. Surely the fact that a new, high-tech
hybrid runs on an electrical charge means that it is cleaner and
greener, right? Well, no actually. If you look a little closer, you'll
find that the reality doesn't live up to the hype. Today, the majority
of the world's electrical energy still comes from steam turbine
generators that run on fossil fuels, so most of the electricity required
to charge the electric car batteries stems from the same
fossil-fuel-consuming power plants as everything else. Until the energy
itself is produced in a green way, running an electric vehicle still
creates carbon emissions. When you factor in the heavy environmental
impact of manufacture, as explained above, and the mining of lithium for
the vehicle batteries, it seems that visiting used car dealers for a
vehicle that gets good gas mileage is again the better option.<br />
Time Versus Money<br />
Everyone
knows the familiar saying - time is money! Well, one sometimes
overlooked aspect of "being green" is that of simple efficiency, so
let's not forget to also examine whether our shiny new devices are
making us more or less effective. Could we be wasting time, and
therefore money, by making and using things that are supposed to
conserve energy? For example, consider an electric auto with a range of
about 75 miles per charge, and then consider the time spent on longer
trips. Obviously, drivers will need to incorporate recharging time into
their overall trip time, expressed as miles per hour. Incredibly, one
test showed that the rate of travel over a long road trip in an electric
car was at a leisurely six miles per hour! That's only slightly faster
than a donkey. The used car once again comes out on top in our final
round, making that a clean sweep.<br />
So now that you know, go check
out the models available at your local used car dealers and spread the
word - the greenest machines are the ones previously owned by someone
else!<br />
</div>
<div id="article-resource">
When it comes to used car dealers in Mobile, AL, drivers can learn more by visiting <a href="http://www.terry-thompson.com/inventory/newsearch/Used/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.terry-thompson.com/inventory/newsearch/Used/</a>.<br />
</div>
Article Source:
<a href="http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Ace_Abbey">http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Ace_Abbey</a>
<br />
</div>
<div style="overflow: hidden;">
<br />
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/9038017</div>
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Th ebest possible adjustment of the air-fuel-ratio to every operating condition is achieved with a Lambda control map in the control unit.<br />
<br />
Lambda control map is stored in the digital circuit section of the control unit. such a map is first determined by engine-dynamometer tests., then optimized for fuel economy, exhaust emissions and driveability in the vehicle itself. With a Lambda map, it is possible to adjust the air-fuel ratio according to the following demands for every operating condition:<br />
<ul>
<li>minimal fuel consumption</li>
<li>good driveability</li>
<li>low exhaust emissions</li>
<li>power. </li>
</ul>
it should be noted that determining a particular operating point has no influence on determining other points. A wide-open throttle, of one ecu controls the air-fuel ratio over the entire engine-speed range to the lambda= 0.85~0.95, with avoidance of knocking as a criterion. At part load, one ecu adjusts the air-fuel ratio to provide low fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. for idling, smoothness is the top priority. System deviations in the air-flow sensor sensor can be compensated at the points in the map where they occur, without influencing other operating points.<br />
<br />
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Wideband vs. narrow band sensor<br />
<br />
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A wideband oxygen sensor is a sensor that measures the ratio
of oxygen to fuel vapour in the exhaust leaving an engine. The measured ratio
is expressed as parts of oxygen to fuel. If there is 15 parts of oxygen to
every one part of fuel, this would be expressed as an air/fuel ratio of 15 to
1, or 15.0:1 or to be exact 14.7kg of air equals to 1kg of fuel. For CNG the
ratio is 16.2:1.
The wide means the air/fuel ratio can be measured at a very far-reaching range
(often from around 5:1 up to around 22:1). </div>
<br />
<br />
Wideband sensor installation:<br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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There are three parameter/variable should be considered when using a wideband sensor; <br />
<br />
1. Accuracy is top priority. If the wideband's readings are inaccurate, you may
make fuel adjustments in error resulting in a loss of power or even worse,
engine damage.<br />
<br />
2. Speed. The wideband must be responsive to changes in air/fuel ratio to allow
accurate fuel adjustments for changes in engine rpm and load.<br />
<br />
3. Ease of installation/ Compatibility. The wideband oxygen sensor must be
compatible with your tuning software, hardware, and installation needs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.hamotorsports.com/what-is-a-wideband.html" target="_blank"> http://www.hamotorsports.com/what-is-a-wideband.html</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.fuelairspark.com/media/catalog/product/cache/9/image/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/1/7/170620_installed_use_web.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.fuelairspark.com/media/catalog/product/cache/9/image/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/1/7/170620_installed_use_web.jpg" height="186" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Narraow band: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
NARROW-BAND sensor) can only measure the air/fuel ratio over a very narrow range (often from only around 14.5:1 up to 15.0:1). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://rpc.technorati.com/rpc/ping
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Effect of Extreme Temperatures on Coated Piston Crown for CNGDI Engine..clear and concise</h1>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Due to high temperature and less proper heat transfer, the material of
piston crown in an engine of compressed natural gas with a direct
injection system (CNGDI) may lead to high thermal stresses and fails to
withstand high temperature and operate effectively. By insulating with
thermal barrier coating (TBC) such as ceramic-based yttria partially
stabilised zirconia (YPSZ), heat transfer to the piston might be reduced
and lead to improvement of piston durability. Hence, in this research,
YPSZ coating was utilised to differentiate with the uncoated piston
crowns in terms of the ability to reduce thermal penetration to the
piston. A detailed finite element analysis (FEA) was carried out to
determine the location of hotspots via profiles distribution of thermal.
In short, it was observed that hotspots were mainly concentrated at the
piston bowls rim. The heat flux for the YPSZ/NiCrAl-coated from FEA
exhibited about 98% reduction compared to the uncoated piston crown.<br />
<br />
full article : <a href="http://www.scientific.net/AMM.393.281" target="_blank"> http://www.scientific.net/AMM.393.281</a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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Wide band oxygen sensors utilize a more sophisticated sensing element which enable it to produce precise voltage output in proportion to the oxygen in the exhaust (see Fig 2.) As a result a wide band sensor can measure accurately from as rich as 9.0:1 to as lean as free air. Wide band sensors used to be cost prohibitive, however recently their wide spread use has resulted in lower prices.</div><div align="justify"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5297376320107576194" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 220px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 186px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG5XYR85EaZRHnyzljnr6w4AwsxgYaPUHlM_IA8zfgRKfnaj8SxIi3RjIQGCy6GHCUm6rBzf7jBwBo75AaQ3H75I4kAHmBMwjYLJPP-paPZ6oFEiwX9H_nGU0GVldAJzhrLWtZLQ/s320/graphNarrowBand.gif" border="0" />
<div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify">Wide band oxygen sensors utilize a more sophisticated sensing element which enable it to produce precise voltage output in proportion to the oxygen in the exhaust (see Fig 2.) As a result a wide band sensor can measure accurately from as rich as 9.0:1 to as lean as free air. Wide band sensors used to be cost prohibitive, however recently their wide spread use has resulted in lower prices. <img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5297376440964910802" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 220px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 187px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ObI3wNByWeY/SYQPzm08jtI/AAAAAAAAAIA/LmGg0rhZI4Q/s320/graphWideBand.gif" border="0" /></div>
<div align="justify"></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://rpc.technorati.com/rpc/ping
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<div align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJST5zP9Kyl7pduyAvWEk0mrACoisp0Di5VR9jnkM8U4sStrJd7UcHdjWg7Nr9Y-KX3L-TVNDl7eEf9BMkhMqQ5Mfu0pNbhyo2GuawT2oR5o1Atghr1u79mM8xixyVjhStKdf0Nw/s1600-h/honda+Civic+GX.jpg"></a><strong>Honda Civic GX</strong>
</div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size:85%;"><strong>Natural Gas Powered</strong> Sedan Review</span></div><div><span style="font-size:85%;">Let’s correct one ordinary assumption about natural gas powered vehicles; they don’t get better fuel mileage. They do burn cleaner giving you access to high occupancy lanes and the fuel does cost less and the engine oil stays cleaner. You pay for that with a much smaller trunk as the natural gas tank resides there. Resale prices are lower and most importantly, there are far fewer places to literally gas up. Throw in slightly less performance and you wonder why someone would pay $25,195 for a Honda GX? Well. If you live in the city, commute daily, and don’t like the extra maintenance costs of a hybrid or the possibility of ever having to go to a gas station again this is an excellent buy. </span></div><div><span style="font-size:85%;">
</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5255459185957837842" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5FpkbsQYFBuYvTOChXw8tan_lFpB9onTdNY3DCpeiZ1HJ0SbT98ID6gDXEi_I7vEazsgOVXVa2fl-fxtSDvnJSS3IMKKGRuLoCEWnbhX7G_03v1lZON4DrySQa3X5wTffZagn0A/s320/procedure_safety_Honda_CivicGX.jpg" border="0" />
</span><div align="justify"></div>
<p align="justify"><span style="font-size:85%;">Natural gas is lighter than air, and so tends to dissipate into the atmosphere. When confined (for instance inside the trunk) it can reach it's explosive limit, which is from 5% to 15% in air. It is not odourless because an odorant is added to the otherwise colourless and odourless gas.
Late model CNG vehicles (built after ECE-R 110) have a lot of safety devices that deal with these properties. An electromagnetic valve mounted at each gastank will close the tank in case of an accident or when the engine or the ignition is turned to the off position. A release limiter will also reduce the amount of gas that can be released in case of a leak in the gas lines. For service of the vehicles or in case the electromagnetic valve fails, the gastank can also be shutoff manually.
</span></p>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-size:85%;">It is easy to drive the Honda and the heater works better than any car we have ever tested. It has enough power, but it is not a snappy powerplant as the compressed natural gas (CNG) reduces the energy from the 1.8-Liter engine to 113@6300 and 109@4300 pounds of torque that has the best pollution rate the government gives. Despite this reduced output you don’t get better fuel mileage. Look for 30 mpg in mixed driving whereas we got nearly 34 with the unleaded fueled Civic.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://rpc.technorati.com/rpc/ping
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<div align="justify"><span style="font-size:85%;">The NGV installation wiring and schematic as illustrated above. NGV Kits is very popular in Malaysia due for the petrol price hike. NGV Kits are available for carburetor, fuel injection and sequential injection engines.Proton, the first Malaysia auto-maker is considering fitting all models with NGV (Natural Gas for Vehicles) kits by year-end to help motorists beat the rising cost of fuel. Hopefully the price for these new Proton will be competitive and customer would really enjoy the benefit of Proton NVG.</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://rpc.technorati.com/rpc/ping
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Think of a name for our newest family member. The best name submitted could win you a brand new Proton MPV. There are other prizes to be won as well.</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size:85%;"></div><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5244959061401157474" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRCqnDs6SkaSLgn2UaLpIhZwwTvHfhCBtGgbsJcl1T0BBUZr3FVIGJMJyWifIIcJfGcSxpq5nD_BdmVwt3IhkFTiyhE0O_efDvmU-0WysY6gxjlwEdyoaQtTkqvckvkVRCjbLObQ/s320/image04.gif" border="0" /></span>
<div align="justify"><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></div><p><span style="font-size:85%;">Sponsor & Eligibility
The sponsor of this Proton MPV Naming Contest ("Contest") is Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional Sdn Bhd. ("PROTON"). </span></p><p><span style="font-size:85%;">This Contest is open to all Malaysian residents older than 18 years of age as of 08/09/2008.
Each contestant represents and warrants to PROTON that he/she has the right, authority and power to enter into the Contest in accordance with Contest Terms and Conditions and shall provide such proof as PROTON requires.</span>
</p><div align="justify"></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://rpc.technorati.com/rpc/ping
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</script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22699018.post-81164091698053156422008-08-05T05:42:00.002+00:002008-12-13T05:36:34.172+00:00Oxygen Sensor Description<div align="justify"><strong>Oxygen Sensor</strong> Description <img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5230905588094571890" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" height="174" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiifggGI5bBA18u_aUV8kUcd39Bo3pDMvyv_Vr5zews8xNIVlG13Ihrev8CiAADxru_WUQbDXRTyijBuh4ZxIHdW6eSumwtJ1_RFE5Cc1oREvykgGPhTAFTwrmp8n7frXFmPReMvg/s320/Oxygen_Sensor1.jpg" width="214" border="0" />Oxygen sensors, or O2 sensors, are required to perform a critical function on your vehicle in the harshest of environments: Measuring the oxygen content of the exhaust just after it leaves the cylinders. The oxygen sensor has to accurately check this red-hot exhaust hundreds of times per minute and send that data to the vehicle computer. The fuel/air mixture hangs in the balance, and you're probably familiar with the symptoms of a bad oxygen sensor: Black smoke from the exhaust, a rotten-egg odor, and poor performance and fuel mileage. </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div>
<div align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0iVxDf-dGv9p8wsNEn7g66QT1MSDQJnubGbL8lzl6anrqxPgAfEu2KYpQdcLO9OgxQSkATGxchBwqzvCwDGBht15G5FwBeszW8DKas53YYrSw3oh8FBlZ0x-9dLGAvbJdVr9GnA/s1600-h/oxygen+sensor.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5230905262379639730" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 140px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 151px" height="105" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0iVxDf-dGv9p8wsNEn7g66QT1MSDQJnubGbL8lzl6anrqxPgAfEu2KYpQdcLO9OgxQSkATGxchBwqzvCwDGBht15G5FwBeszW8DKas53YYrSw3oh8FBlZ0x-9dLGAvbJdVr9GnA/s320/oxygen+sensor.jpg" width="174" border="0" /></a>Fortunately, a bad O2 sensor doesn't require a trip to the dealer parts counter. We have oxygen sensors from the top oxygen sensor manufacturers at great prices. Bosch oxygen sensors are original equipment on hundreds of vehicles, and we have Bosch O2 sensors for most of them listed right here. A new Bosch oxygen sensor will restore like-new performance to your import or domestic car, truck, van, or SUV, and you know you're getting an oxygen sensor that's made to the rigorous specifications of your original equipment oxygen sensor.</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://rpc.technorati.com/rpc/ping
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<span style="font-size:85%;"> Refueling a natural-gas vehicle may also be a little different. The fueling point is typically at the front of the vehicle, although in some NGVs, such as the Honda Civic GX, the fueling point is in the rear. An NGV can be fueled at a "fast-fill" pump in about the same time it takes to fuel any gasoline- or <a href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/diesel.htm">diesel</a>-powered vehicle. Alternatively, an NGV can be fueled in five to eight hours using a "slow-fill" method. The home refueling stations offered by Honda are of the slow-fill variety, requiring car owners to refuel their vehicles overnight.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">
Two car companies leading the way in NGV design and engineering are Honda and DaimlerChrysler. Honda is the first manufacturer to offer a retail NGV -- the Honda Civic GX sedan, which also comes with a home refueling station the company has dubbed "Phill." The Civic GX is a dedicated NGV, which means it can only run on natural gas. DaimlerChrysler is manufacturing an E-class Mercedes that runs on both gasoline and natural gas. It is given a classification of "NGT," which stands for "Natural Gas Technology," and can travel 621 miles on a single fueling -- 186 miles using natural gas and 435 miles using gasoline.
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
</div></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/ngv-15.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 123px; height: 142px;" src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/ngv-15.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style=";font-family:arial,helvetica;font-size:85%;" ><b>The Phill Home Refueling Appliance</b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">While vehicles such as the Civic GX and the E 200 NGT are only available in very limited markets (the former in certain western states, the latter in Europe), NGVs are expected to become more widely available to consumers in the next two decades, especially as the price of oil continues to rise. When that happens, being green will be a little bit easier.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Source: <a href="http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ngv1.htm">Howstuffworks</a>
</span> </p><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://rpc.technorati.com/rpc/ping
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<p class="kandungan" align="justify"><span style="font-size:85%;">This engine has been designed based on the 1.6 litre CamPro engine owned by Proton Berhad. All operatiosn were simulated and optimised using high performance computers before fabrication and testing, and this includes the combustion process involving all the moving engine components. This method enables the performance of the engine to be nearly similar to the existing CamPro engine using petrol. A total of two CNGDI engines were assembled in September 2006 for testing and installation.</span></p> <p class="kandungan" align="justify"><span style="font-size:85%;">This project is part of the IRPA-PR programme entitled “CNGDI Engine and Transmission which aims to develop a car using a new combustion concept of CNGDI. The overall programme involves other research groups from UKM as well as other universities, namely UPM, UM, UTP, UTM and UiTM for other components in the car such as tanks, fuel system, electronic control unit, exhaust system and car chassis. It also involves active participation from industrial collaborators, namely Proton Berhad and Petronas in order to ensure the success of the project. As a result, two cars using the CNGDI engine prototypes have been successfully produced.</span></p><span style="font-size:85%;">
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</span><span class="small" style="font-size:85%;"> Written by Technology Department - Source Nissan </span><span style="font-size:85%;"> Sep 28, 2007 at 12:00 AM</span>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">TOKYO (Sept. 28, 2007) -- Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. today announced that it has added Diesel Hybrid and <span style="font-weight: bold;">CNG</span> (Compressed Natural Gas) models to its Atlas H43 lineup of light-commercial vehicles in Japan. These new models, which go on sale today at Nissan dealers nationwide, offer outstanding fuel economy combined with clean exhaust emissions. They have been added to the lineup as part of the company's actions under the Nissan Green Program 2010, Nissan's medium-term environmental plan that is focused on reducing CO2 emissions. The new Atlas H43 Diesel Hybrid achieves class-leading heavy-duty vehicle fuel economy*1 of 11 km/L and complies with Japan's 2015 heavy-duty vehicle fuel economy standards. The Atlas H43 Diesel Hybrid is certified by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport as a low-emission vehicle, reducing nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions by an additional 10% from Japan's 2005 exhaust emission regulations. It also complies with the 2005 low-emission vehicle standards of the low-emission vehicle designation system adopted by eight Kanto region prefectures/cities.</span>
<span style="font-size:85%;">The Atlas H43 Diesel Hybrid features a power take-off (PTO) parallel drive system with the diesel engine and traction motor connected to separate drive shafts, allowing the vehicle to be powered by the diesel engine alone (in the unlikely malfunction of the hybrid system).</span>
<span style="font-size:85%;">The Atlas H43 <span style="font-weight: bold;">CNG model</span>, fueled by compressed natural gas, is certified as a low-emission vehicle, emitting 10% fewer NOx and PM emissions than the levels required by the 2005 exhaust emission standards and also complies with the 2005 low-emission vehicle designation standards. The <span style="font-weight: bold;">CNG model</span> delivers class-leading power performance while achieving its notably clean emissions. An automatic engine stop-start system is provided as standard equipment, helping improve practical fuel economy and further reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.</span>
<span style="font-size:85%;">The Nissan Green Program 2010 is based on the philosophy of "providing the right technology to the right market at the right time and with the right value to the customer." Nissan aims to design and engineer products that meet a wide variety of customer needs, as demonstrated by the new Atlas H43 Diesel Hybrid and <span style="font-weight: bold;">CNG models.
</span></span><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 427px; height: 182px;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr style="font-weight: bold;"><td colspan="11" style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p><span style="font-size:85%;">CNG Model</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(102, 102, 102); padding: 1.5pt;"> <p align="center"><span style="font-size:78%;">Drive
system</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p align="center"><span style="font-size:78%;">Cabin</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p align="center"><span style="font-size:78%;">Model</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p align="center"><span style="font-size:78%;">Body</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p align="center"><span style="font-size:78%;">Max.
payload </span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p align="center"><span style="font-size:78%;">Bed</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p align="center"><span style="font-size:78%;">Engine</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p align="center"><span style="font-size:78%;">Transmission</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p align="center"><span style="font-size:78%;">Grade</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p align="center"><span style="font-size:78%;">Price (yen)</span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0cm;">
</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102); border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p align="center"><span style="font-size:78%;">2WD</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p align="center"><span style="font-size:78%;">Standard
Cabin</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p align="center"><span style="font-size:78%;">Full
Super
Low</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p align="center"><span style="font-size:78%;">Standard</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p align="center"><span style="font-size:78%;">2.0 tons</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p align="center"><span style="font-size:78%;">Exclusive
van
chassis</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p align="center"><span style="font-size:78%;">4HV1
4.6L
CNG-MPI</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p align="center"><span style="font-size:78%;">5MT</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p align="center"><span style="font-size:78%;">DX</span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(102, 102, 102) rgb(102, 102, 102) -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p align="center"><span style="font-size:78%;">4,198,950</span></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0cm;">
</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="11" style="padding: 1.5pt;"> <p style="margin-bottom: 15pt; line-height: normal;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;">5MT: 5-speed manual transmission
Smoother Autoshift: A manual-transmission-based gearbox with fully automated clutching and shifting operations
Standard Cabin: 5-speed transmission, Semi-wide cabin and Wide Cabin: 6-speed transmission </span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size:85%;">SOURCE: http://www.hybridcar.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=511&Itemid=122
</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://rpc.technorati.com/rpc/ping
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In addition to providing a Retro-Fit Dual-Fuel™ technology, Clean Air Power has been developing a manufacturer branded and supported integrated product. Tests have already demonstrated that a contemporary integrated system will deliver at least 70% overall gas substitution, giving fuel savings of 9p/km per vehicle per year, with CO<sub>2</sub> savings of 26 tonnes yearly. Clean Air Power’s integrated C12 product is already certified to Euro 4 standards. </p> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td><div align="justify">The Dual-Fuel™ Electronic Control Unit (ECU) can be integrated with Original Equipment Manufacturers’ (OEMs) ECU. This enables the Dual-Fuel™ ECU to control the engine ECU, ensuring optimum conditions for Dual-Fuel combustion. This integration has been successfully achieved on DAF and Mercedes engines and will form the core of any Dual-Fuel application to an engine with OEM cooperation.
<div align="center"><img src="http://www.cleanairpower.com/images/Eagle_gen_dual-fuel.jpg" alt="ecu dual fuel engine" height="161" width="200" />
<div style="text-align: left;">Source : <a href="http://www.cleanairpower.com/duel-technology.php">CLEAN AIR POWER</a>
</div></div>
</div></td> <td>
</td> <td rowspan="4" valign="top"><div align="center">
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://rpc.technorati.com/rpc/ping
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</b><ul><li>Engine runs on natural gas with diesel pilot ignition</li></ul> <ul><li>At full power diesel fuel is 10% of total fuel - normal operation is up to 85% natural gas substitution</li></ul> <ul><li>Runs on 100% diesel fuel until engine coolant is at operating temperature</li></ul> <ul><li>Under normal operation, can run solely on diesel at light loads*</li></ul> <ul><li>Under normal operation, can run solely on diesel at full power*</li></ul> <ul><li>Uses a standard electronically-controlled diesel engine</li></ul> <ul><li>Maintains electronic control of both gas and diesel injection</li><ul><li>Base diesel ECU is retained </li></ul><ul><li>Dual-Fuel™ ECU controls gas operation and modifies diesel demand for the diesel engine ECU
</li></ul></ul> <ul><li>Automatically reverts to diesel only when gas supply is out of acceptable parameters</li><ul><li>Recent introduction of a combustion knock sensor protects the engine from variable gas quality</li></ul></ul> <!-- </td> </tr> </table> --> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width="95%"><tbody><tr><td valign="top"><b>*</b></td> <td width="98%"> <p align="justify"> The operating system in the technology automatically switches the engine from diesel to natural gas when the truck reaches optimal load, making it particularly suited to long haul heavy trucks. Dual-Fuel™ can be turned off at any time, enabling the engine to operate totally on diesel. This switch from diesel, or to dual fuel is almost imperceptible, even while the vehicle is moving.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://rpc.technorati.com/rpc/ping
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Dual-Fuel™ is fitted onto a standard diesel engine, which operates unchanged, except power is generated by mostly clean natural gas. A measured quantity of natural gas is mixed with the air just before it enters the cylinder and compressed to the same levels as the diesel engine to maintain efficiency.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img style="width: 198px; height: 197px;" src="http://www.cleanairpower.com/images/Dual_Fuel_Engine_small.jpg" alt="dual fuel engine" /> </p> <p align="justify"> The natural gas mixture does not ignite spontaneously under compression, so the Dual-Fuel™ engine uses a small injection of diesel fuel, around 10% of the total energy of the fuel, to ignite the main charge of gas and air. This small "pilot" injection acts like a multitude of microscopic spark-plugs, setting off clean and efficient combustion of the lean gas-air mixture. </p> <p align="justify">Natural gas burns cleaner than diesel due to its inherently low carbon content. </p></td> <td>
</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><div align="justify">When Natural gas replaces 90% of the diesel through Dual-Fuel™ it can reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by up to 25%, yet fuel-efficiency and power remain equivalent to that of the original diesel engine.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <p align="justify">Clean Air Power believes that no dedicated natural gas trucks can match a Dual-Fuel™ truck for efficiency and performance. </p></td></tr></tbody></table>
Source: <a href="http://www.cleanairpower.com/duel-technology.php">CLEAN AIR POWER</a><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://rpc.technorati.com/rpc/ping
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</p><p class="NormalP">
</p><p class="NormalP">Natural gas (85 to 99 percent methane) is a fossil fuel, clean burning, cheap and abundant in many parts of the world. Because natural gas is mostly methane, Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs) have much lower non-methane hydrocarbon emissions than gasoline vehicles, but higher emissions of methane. Since the fuel system is closed, there are no evaporative emissions and refueling emissions are negligible. Cold-start emissions from NGVs are also low, since cold-start enrichment is not required; this reduces both VOC and CO emissions. NOx emissions from uncontrolled NGVs may be higher or lower than comparable gasoline or diesel vehicles, depending on the engine technology, but are typically slightly lower.</p> <p class="NormalP">As a substitute for conventional diesel engines with high sulfur fuel, NGVs should have somewhat lower NOx and substantially lower PM emissions.</p> <p class="NormalP">There are three types of natural gas vehicles, which can all be manufactured specifically to operate on natural gas or converted from conventional vehicles (<a href="http://www.cleanairnet.org/infopool/1411/article-59976.html" class="NormalPLINK">1</a>):</p> <ol class="NormalP"><li class="NormalP" style="list-style-image: none;">1.Bi-fuel, where the vehicle can operate either on natural gas or gasoline</li><li class="NormalP" style="list-style-image: none;">2.Dual-fuel, where the vehicle operates either on diesel only or diesel and natural gas, with the combustion of diesel used to ignite the natural gas (<a href="http://www.cleanairnet.org/infopool/1411/article-59976.html" class="NormalPLINK">1</a>). For more information on this option, see the "In-Use Buses: Conversions" section.</li><li class="NormalP" style="list-style-image: none;">3.Dedicated, which operate entirely on natural gas.</li></ol> <p class="NormalP">Most vehicle manufacturers offer the dedicated option only, because of higher reliability.</p> <p class="NormalP">Most compressed natural gas (CNG) buses are equipped with a diesel engine modified to a spark-ignition engine that is optimized for the use of natural gas. Gas cylinders are installed that can be refueled at gas stations with compressed natural gas. Such engines can be of two basic types:</p> <ul class="NormalP"><li class="NormalP">Stoichiometric - this type enables the use of a three-way catalytic converter as in common gasoline cars.</li><li class="NormalP">Lean burn (high air/fuel ratio) - this type is 10-20% more fuel efficient than stoichiometric engines (<a href="http://www.cleanairnet.org/infopool/1411/article-59977.html" class="NormalPLINK">3</a>), but also has higher NOx emissions. A three-way catalytic converter is unsuitable, but oxidation catalysts can be employed. The great majority of heavy-duty natural gas engines are of this design (<a href="http://www.cleanairnet.org/infopool/1411/article-59977.html" class="NormalPLINK">3</a>).</li></ul> <p class="NormalP">In general, CNG buses are between 17% and 41% less fuel efficient than <a href="http://www.cleanairnet.org/infopool/1411/propertyvalue-17729.html" class="NormalPLINK">conventional diesel buses</a>(<a href="http://www.cleanairnet.org/infopool/1411/article-59978.html" class="NormalPLINK">4</a>)(<a href="http://www.cleanairnet.org/infopool/1411/article-59979.html" class="NormalPLINK">5</a>). They have a substantially lower driving range than diesel buses (<a href="http://www.cleanairnet.org/infopool/1411/article-59978.html" class="NormalPLINK">4</a>) - e.g. in (<a href="http://www.cleanairnet.org/infopool/1411/article-59978.html" class="NormalPLINK">4</a>) CNG buses are described as having a driving range of about 300 miles (of course depending upon the capacity of the gas cylinders) compared to a little more than 400 miles for diesel buses.</p><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://rpc.technorati.com/rpc/ping
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</h3> <h2>22 January 2007</h2> <p>Baytech Corporation has <a href="http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/home/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&ndmConfigId=1000001&newsId=20070122005290&newsLang=en">received</a> 2006 and 2007 EPA and CARB certifications for its compressed natural gas (CNG) fueled GM 6.0L heavy duty engines, and medium- and light-duty vehicles equipped with the GM 6.0L engine.</p> <p>Heavy-duty engines are available in both dedicated CNG and bi-fuel (CNG or gasoline) configurations in all 50 states. Dedicated CNG medium and light duty vehicles are available in all 50 states and are certified SULEV; bi-fuel is available only in states that do not require CARB standards.</p> <!--<a id="more"></a>--> <p>As part of the certification process, Baytech successfully achieved OBD-II compliance approval from CARB for the medium and light duty 6.0L CNG vehicles. OBD-II approval work was jointly funded by the South Coast AQMD, with additional support provided by Clean Energy.</p> <p>The Baytech heavy duty CNG 6.0L engines are certified for use in the GM Topkick/Kodiak C Series and W4500, Isuzu NPR HD, GM Express/Savana Van Cutaway, and Workhorse heavy-duty vehicles with Gross Vehicle Weight Ratings ranging from 14,000 lb to 37,600 lb. Heavy duty engine emissions testing was funded in part by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality.</p> <p>Medium and light duty CNG vehicles certified by Baytech include the GM W3500, Isuzu NPR, Workhorse chassis, GM Silverado/Sierra 2500HD/3500 Classic pickup trucks and Chassis Cab, and GM Express/Savana Full-Size Van and Van Cutaway. All dedicated CNG medium and light duty vehicles are certified SULEV.</p> <p>The CNG fueling systems incorporate Baytech’s sequential Multi-Port Fuel Injection technology for gaseous fuels. Baytech’s engine calibration software provides optimized closed-loop fuel control, spark advance and other engine parameters. Engine diagnostics functions are accessed through the vehicle’s diagnostic port with the same scanners used for gasoline diagnostics.</p> <p>Since 1991, Baytech Corporation has developed and marketed high-performance EPA and CARB certified CNG fuel injection systems for GM, Isuzu and Workhorse vehicles that meet stringent emissions standards. In 2005, Baytech transferred its gaseous sequential MPFI technology to propane fuel. </p><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://rpc.technorati.com/rpc/ping
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<p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <span style="font-size:100%;">BAYTECH ANNOUNCES 8.1L CNG AND PROPANE ENGINE CERTIFICATIONS </span></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <span style="font-size:100%;">LOS ALTOS, CALIF. June 21, 2005 - Baytech Corporation has received 2005 and 2006 EPA and CARB certifications for Baytech's propane and compressed natural gas (CNG) fueled GM 8.1L heavy-duty engines. Popular vehicle applications include shuttle buses, bobtails, delivery trucks, flatbeds, utility bodies, RVs, and step-van models. They are available in both dedicated and bi-fuel (propane or CNG and gasoline) configurations. </span></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <span style="font-size:100%;">The Baytech propane and CNG 8.1L engines are certified for use in the GM Topkick/Kodiak C Series and Workhorse heavy-duty vehicles with Gross Vehicle Weight Ratings ranging from 16,000 lb to 37,600 lb. The engines are also certified for the GM Silverado/Sierra 2500HD/3500 pickup trucks (Federal) and Chassis Cab (Federal and CA). The Baytech engine families have been certified to the lowest California emission standards possible for each weight class, including ULEV and SULEV. </span></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <span style="font-size:100%;">Both the propane and CNG fueling systems incorporate Baytech's sequential Multi-Port Fuel Injection technology for gaseous fuels. Baytech's engine calibration software provides optimized closed-loop fuel control, spark advance and other engine parameters. Engine diagnostics functions are accessed through the vehicle's diagnostic port with the same scanners used for gasoline diagnostics. "We are confident that our customers will be very happy with the product we have developed," says Richard Turner, Baytech Vice President. </span></p><p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <span style="font-size:100%;">Since 1991, Baytech Corporation has developed and marketed high performance, EPA and CARB certified CNG fuel injection systems for Chevrolet, GMC and Isuzu vehicles to meet stringent emissions standards. Baytech transferred its gaseous sequential MPFI technology to propane fuel, funded in part by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. Baytech is an EPA and CARB certified small volume OEM manufacturer, providing the CNG and propane fleet markets with high performance, EPA and CARB certified engines and vehicles.</span> </p><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://rpc.technorati.com/rpc/ping
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</p><p>1. <span style="font-style: italic;">We need to be careful (as green-oriented folk) to distinguish between products that reduce emissions vs products that simply transfer emissions somewhere else. It is not true that a vehicle like this has no emissions. The emissions have occurred in the power plant that generated the electricity for the compressor. </span></p> <p style="font-style: italic;">If the power plant is fossil-fuel based then it only reduces emissions if the overall energy per mile is lowered. Unfortunately I suspect that the fact that the tax system skews petrol prices upwards vs centrally generated electricity will make the low running costs of this be assumed to translate to low emissions.</p> <p style="font-style: italic;">What is true is that if this technology is twinned with renewable (eg wind/solar) then it does have great potential. Again unfortunately there is the potential for nuclear proponents to suggest that this is a good way forward, based on it being away to convert nuclear energy into vehicle motion with no emissions. But how green do we view nuclear energy?</p><p style="font-style: italic;">2. I have wanted a Mini cat ever since I saw one. But I want to own a Pink one. Is that possible and if you have one in stock please send me pictures. I believe that the Minicat is the new and improved car. It looks cool and saves the earth. But it dosent have a back seat. just kidding if you kno what I mean. Thanks!
Katie</p><p style="font-style: italic;">3.You hippies won't be happy until we all live in grass huts and ride bikes everywhere. Someone comes out with a new product that is revolutionary to say the least and you tear it down and discredit it as if it was a fraud. Whats really funny is, I don't know a single SierraClub member or "Environ-mentalist" who actually goes out and works in the forests or high country. They very people you bash (4x4 drives, dirtbike riders, etc) are the ones who fight to keep trails open and work hand in hand with BLM and the Forestry Department. If you ask me, the hippies are the real fraud.</p><p style="font-style: italic;">4.Isothermal compression/expansion changes availability,
thus acting as storage with a tank. The air car uses near
isothermal. Like an electric car except less expensive, and
no need for new batteries. Hope they get it out!!</p> <p style="font-style: italic;">BTW, look at www.annualizedgeosolar.com. Their technology for
a self-heating/cooling house could be added to an existing house
if someone was willing to do the work needed. I'm modifying my
own - starting in May, 2005.</p><p style="font-style: italic;">5.I have been watching the progress, or lack of it,
on the air powered car for some time, but when
will it be available? As for the arguement that
emmissions are just transferred to the power
station, that is stupid, at least at the power
station there is the possibility of controlling
emmission, this is not so with individual fossil
burning cars.</p> </div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://rpc.technorati.com/rpc/ping
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The use of compressed air for storing energy is a method that is not only efficient and clean, but also economical. In 1973 CAES (Compressed Air Energy Storage) installed their first compressed air energy storage plant in Germany, making use of natural underground caves for compressed air storage and taking advantage of the surplus energy produced by the generating plants. Later on similar plants were installed in the United States (Alabama and Ohio).
Compressed air is an energy vector that can be used, in a viable way, to transport both people and goods. One possible alternative is the <strong>air-powered car</strong>. There are at least two ongoing projects that are developing a new type of car that will run on <a href="http://auto.howstuffworks.com/question133.htm">compressed air</a>. In this article, you will learn about the technology behind two types of compressed-air cars being developed and how they may replace your gas guzzler by the end of the decade!<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://rpc.technorati.com/rpc/ping
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Source: <a href="http://alternativefuels.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=alternativefuels&cdn=autos&tm=26&f=00&su=p706.5.420.ip_p284.8.150.ip_&tt=2&bt=0&bts=0&zu=http%3A//www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/natural_gas_laws.html%3Fprint">Alternative Fuel About</a>
</div>Many federal and state incentives encourage use of natural gas as an alternative fuel. Select a state below to view natural gas related incentives and laws in that state. The legend signifies the number of incentives and laws available in each state using a color code. You may also view <a href="http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/natural_gas_laws_federal.html"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Federal Natural</span> Gas Incentives and Laws</a>. Or search for incentives and laws for other fuel types and advanced vehicles by going to the main <a href="http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/incentives_laws.html">Incentives and Laws</a> section of this site. These results reflect those for compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG).<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://rpc.technorati.com/rpc/ping
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<div id="OverviewIntro" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">The Civic GX NGV: looks like a Civic, drives like a Civic, and runs on clean, domestic natural gas.</div> <div class="OverviewHighlights"> <div class="HighlightImage"><a href="http://automobiles.honda.com/civic-gx/environment.aspx"><img src="http://automobiles.honda.com/images/2008/civic-gx/overview/featurehighlight1.gif" height="121" width="156" /></a></div> <div class="HighlightLinks"> <div class="HighlightLinkTitle"><span class="dottedLink"><a href="http://automobiles.honda.com/civic-gx/environment.aspx">Engineered for the Environment</a></span></div> <div class="HighlightLink"> <ul><li>Advanced Technology Partial-Zero-Emission Vehicle (AT-PZEV)* </li><li>Fueled by Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for nearly zero emissions</li><li>Convenient Phill home refueling</li><li>HOV access in many states</li><li>113-hp, 1.8-Liter, 16-Valve, SOHC i-VTEC® 4-cylinder engine</li></ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="HighlightImage"><a href="http://automobiles.honda.com/civic-gx/interior.aspx"><img src="http://automobiles.honda.com/images/2008/civic-gx/overview/featurehighlight2.gif" height="121" width="156" /></a></div> <div class="HighlightLinks"> <div class="HighlightLinkTitle"><span class="dottedLink"><a href="http://automobiles.honda.com/civic-gx/interior.aspx">Civic Minded</a></span></div> <div class="HighlightLink"> <ul><li>Aerodynamic exterior</li><li>Two-tier instrument panel</li><li>MP3/Windows Media® Audio (WMA) playback capability</li></ul>
*AT-PZEV rated by California Air Resources Board (CARB). </div> </div>
<img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-2.jpg" alt="" /><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-3.jpg" alt="" /><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://rpc.technorati.com/rpc/ping
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